空间优化问题（SOP）的特征是管理决策变量，目标和/或约束功能的空间关系。在本文中，我们关注一种称为空间分区的特定类型的SOP，这是一个组合问题，这是由于存在离散空间单元。精确的优化方法不会随着问题的大小而扩展，尤其是在可行的时间限制内。这促使我们开发基于人群的元启发式学来解决此类SOP。但是，这些基于人群的方法采用的搜索操作员主要是为实参与者连续优化问题而设计的。为了使这些方法适应SOP，我们将域知识应用于设计空间感知的搜索操作员，以在保留空间约束的同时有效地通过离散搜索空间进行有效搜索。为此，我们提出了一种简单而有效的算法，称为基于群的空间模因算法（空间），并在学校（RE）区域问题上进行测试。对现实世界数据集进行了详细的实验研究，以评估空间的性能。此外，进行消融研究以了解空间各个组成部分的作用。此外，我们讨论空间〜如何在现实生活计划过程及其对不同方案的适用性并激发未来的研究方向有帮助。

最近，越来越多的研究人员，尤其是在政治重新划分领域的研究人员，提出了基于抽样的技术，以从各个地区计划的广阔空间中制定一部分计划。这些技术已被美国法院和独立委员会越来越多地采用，作为确定游击队的工具。在这些最近的发展的促进下，我们开发了一系列基于翻转建议的学校边界的类似抽样技术。请注意，此处的翻转提案是指单个任务的区域计划的更改。这些基于抽样的技术具有双重目的。它们可以用作基线，用于比较基于本地搜索的重新划分算法。此外，这些技术可以帮助推断出可以进一步用于开发有效重新分配方法的问题特征。关于学校重新划分问题，我们从经验上谈到了这两个方面。

城市规划指的是指定为一个地区设计土地使用配置的努力。然而，为了获得有效的城市计划，城市专家必须花费很多时间和精力，以根据领域知识和个人经验分析复杂的规划限制。为了减轻他们的沉重负担并产生一致的城市计划，我们想问一下AI可以加快城市规划过程，让人类规划者只调整所生成的特定需求的配置吗？最近的深度生成模型的进步提供了一个可能的答案，激励我们从对抗对抗的学习角度自动化城市规划。但是，出现了三个主要挑战：1）如何定量定量土地使用配置？ 2）如何自动化配置规划？ 3）如何评估生成配置的质量？在本文中，我们系统地解决了三个挑战。具体而言，1）我们将土地使用配置定义为经度纬度通道张量。 2）我们将自动化城市规划问题制定为深度生成学习的任务。目的是给定针对目标区域的周围上下文产生配置张量。 3）我们提供量化评估指标，并进行广泛的实验，以证明我们框架的有效性。

建模传染病传播的时空性质可以提供有用的直觉，以了解疾病传播的时变方面，并且在人们的行动模式中观察到的潜在的复杂空间依赖性。此外，可以利用县级多相关时间序列信息，以便在单个时间序列进行预测。添加到这一挑战是实时数据常常偏离单向高斯分布假设，并且可以显示一些复杂的混合模式。由此激励，我们开发了一种基于深度学习的时间序列模型，用于自动回归混合密度动态扩散网络（ARM3DNet）的概率预测，其认为人们的移动性和疾病在动态定向图上传播。实现高斯混合模型层以考虑从多个相关时间序列学习的实时数据的多模式性质。我们展示了我们的模型，当由于动态协变量特征和混合成分的最佳组合培训时，可以超越传统的统计和深度学习模式，以预测美国县级的Covid-19死亡和案例的数量。

In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.

An increasing number of public datasets have shown a marked clinical impact on assessing anatomical structures. However, each of the datasets is small, partially labeled, and rarely investigates severe tumor subjects. Moreover, current models are limited to segmenting specific organs/tumors, which can not be extended to novel domains and classes. To tackle these limitations, we introduce embedding learned from Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) to segmentation models, dubbed the CLIP-Driven Universal Model. The Universal Model can better segment 25 organs and 6 types of tumors by exploiting the semantic relationship between abdominal structures. The model is developed from an assembly of 14 datasets with 3,410 CT scans and evaluated on 6,162 external CT scans from 3 datasets. We rank first on the public leaderboard of the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) and achieve the state-of-the-art results on Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV). Compared with dataset-specific models, the Universal Model is computationally more efficient (6x faster), generalizes better to CT scans from varying sites, and shows stronger transfer learning performance on novel tasks. The design of CLIP embedding enables the Universal Model to be easily extended to new classes without catastrophically forgetting the previously learned classes.

Recent advances in self-supervised learning (SSL) in computer vision are primarily comparative, whose goal is to preserve invariant and discriminative semantics in latent representations by comparing siamese image views. However, the preserved high-level semantics do not contain enough local information, which is vital in medical image analysis (e.g., image-based diagnosis and tumor segmentation). To mitigate the locality problem of comparative SSL, we propose to incorporate the task of pixel restoration for explicitly encoding more pixel-level information into high-level semantics. We also address the preservation of scale information, a powerful tool in aiding image understanding but has not drawn much attention in SSL. The resulting framework can be formulated as a multi-task optimization problem on the feature pyramid. Specifically, we conduct multi-scale pixel restoration and siamese feature comparison in the pyramid. In addition, we propose non-skip U-Net to build the feature pyramid and develop sub-crop to replace multi-crop in 3D medical imaging. The proposed unified SSL framework (PCRLv2) surpasses its self-supervised counterparts on various tasks, including brain tumor segmentation (BraTS 2018), chest pathology identification (ChestX-ray, CheXpert), pulmonary nodule detection (LUNA), and abdominal organ segmentation (LiTS), sometimes outperforming them by large margins with limited annotations.

We present Muse, a text-to-image Transformer model that achieves state-of-the-art image generation performance while being significantly more efficient than diffusion or autoregressive models. Muse is trained on a masked modeling task in discrete token space: given the text embedding extracted from a pre-trained large language model (LLM), Muse is trained to predict randomly masked image tokens. Compared to pixel-space diffusion models, such as Imagen and DALL-E 2, Muse is significantly more efficient due to the use of discrete tokens and requiring fewer sampling iterations; compared to autoregressive models, such as Parti, Muse is more efficient due to the use of parallel decoding. The use of a pre-trained LLM enables fine-grained language understanding, translating to high-fidelity image generation and the understanding of visual concepts such as objects, their spatial relationships, pose, cardinality etc. Our 900M parameter model achieves a new SOTA on CC3M, with an FID score of 6.06. The Muse 3B parameter model achieves an FID of 7.88 on zero-shot COCO evaluation, along with a CLIP score of 0.32. Muse also directly enables a number of image editing applications without the need to fine-tune or invert the model: inpainting, outpainting, and mask-free editing. More results are available at https://muse-model.github.io

Feature selection helps reduce data acquisition costs in ML, but the standard approach is to train models with static feature subsets. Here, we consider the dynamic feature selection (DFS) problem where a model sequentially queries features based on the presently available information. DFS is often addressed with reinforcement learning (RL), but we explore a simpler approach of greedily selecting features based on their conditional mutual information. This method is theoretically appealing but requires oracle access to the data distribution, so we develop a learning approach based on amortized optimization. The proposed method is shown to recover the greedy policy when trained to optimality and outperforms numerous existing feature selection methods in our experiments, thus validating it as a simple but powerful approach for this problem.

Human parsing aims to partition humans in image or video into multiple pixel-level semantic parts. In the last decade, it has gained significantly increased interest in the computer vision community and has been utilized in a broad range of practical applications, from security monitoring, to social media, to visual special effects, just to name a few. Although deep learning-based human parsing solutions have made remarkable achievements, many important concepts, existing challenges, and potential research directions are still confusing. In this survey, we comprehensively review three core sub-tasks: single human parsing, multiple human parsing, and video human parsing, by introducing their respective task settings, background concepts, relevant problems and applications, representative literature, and datasets. We also present quantitative performance comparisons of the reviewed methods on benchmark datasets. Additionally, to promote sustainable development of the community, we put forward a transformer-based human parsing framework, providing a high-performance baseline for follow-up research through universal, concise, and extensible solutions. Finally, we point out a set of under-investigated open issues in this field and suggest new directions for future study. We also provide a regularly updated project page, to continuously track recent developments in this fast-advancing field: https://github.com/soeaver/awesome-human-parsing.